Expert Comparison: What is Artificial Stone and How is it Different from Natural Stone? 7 Key Factors for 2025

Sep 15, 2025

Abstract

An examination of building materials reveals a primary distinction between those formed by geological processes and those created through industrial manufacturing. This analysis explores the topic of what is artificial stone and how is it different from natural stone, providing a comprehensive comparison for both professional and private use in 2025. Natural stone, such as granite, marble, and travertine, is quarried directly from the earth, each piece possessing a unique history and aesthetic defined by its mineral composition and formation. Artificial stone, conversely, is an engineered composite, typically made from stone aggregates bound by a resin. This guide systematically evaluates seven key factors: composition, aesthetics, durability, maintenance, cost, environmental impact, and health considerations. By deconstructing these elements, it becomes clear that the choice between natural and artificial stone is not merely about preference but involves a nuanced understanding of performance, long-term value, and the specific demands of an application, from kitchen countertops to exterior cladding.

Key Takeaways

  • Natural stone offers unique, one-of-a-kind patterns, while artificial stone provides consistent color and design.
  • Artificial stone is generally non-porous and more resistant to staining than most natural stones.
  • Natural materials like travertine often require periodic sealing to protect their porous surfaces.
  • The question of what is artificial stone and how is it different from natural stone involves weighing uniqueness against uniformity.
  • The initial cost of some natural stones can be higher, but they may offer better long-term resale value.
  • Engineered options provide vast color choices, while natural stone offers timeless, earth-formed beauty.
  • Durability varies greatly; granite is very hard, while some marbles are softer and prone to scratching.

Table of Contents

The Fundamental Distinction: Formation and Composition

To begin a meaningful inquiry into the world of stone surfaces, one must first grasp the foundational difference in their very origins. It is a story of two creators: the patient, chaotic artistry of the Earth versus the precise, controlled ingenuity of humankind. Understanding this origin story is not an academic exercise; it directly informs every other characteristic we will explore, from the visual appeal of a countertop to its response to a spilled glass of wine.

The Earth’s Artistry: Defining Natural Stone

Natural stone is, quite simply, a piece of the Earth’s crust, quarried and cut to size. It is the product of immense time and pressure, a physical record of geological history. Think of materials like granite, marble, and travertine. Granite is an igneous rock, born from the slow cooling of magma deep beneath the surface. Its crystalline structure, visible as flecks of quartz, feldspar, and mica, tells a tale of volcanic fire. Marble, a metamorphic rock, began its life as limestone on ancient seabeds. Through intense heat and pressure, its calcite crystals reformed, creating the elegant veining and soft translucence it is prized for. Travertine, as noted by building material experts, is a form of limestone deposited by mineral springs, especially hot springs, giving it a characteristically porous and fibrous appearance (HDG Building Materials, 2025).

Each slab of natural stone is an unrepeatable creation. The specific mineral deposits, the pressures exerted, the water that trickled through it over millennia—all these variables ensure that no two pieces are ever identical. When you select a slab of natural marble, you are selecting a singular piece of art, complete with its own unique “flaws” and character marks that are, in fact, testaments to its authentic origin. This authenticity is its core identity.

The Human Touch: Defining Artificial Stone

Artificial stone, often referred to as engineered stone or a composite, is a manufactured product. The most common and recognizable type is quartz surfacing. The recipe is conceptually straightforward: it consists of approximately 90-95% crushed natural stone aggregate (typically quartz crystals) mixed with polymer resins, binders, and pigments. This slurry is poured into a mold, compressed under immense vacuum and pressure, and then cured at high temperatures to create a dense, non-porous slab.

Other forms of artificial stone exist, such as cultured marble, which uses a blend of stone particles and resins to mimic the look of marble, often with a gel coat finish. The fundamental principle remains the same: human beings are controlling the ingredients and the process. The goal is not to replicate the chaotic uniqueness of nature but to harness its raw materials to create a product with predictable, consistent, and often enhanced performance characteristics. The color of an artificial stone slab is not the result of random mineral intrusion; it is the result of a carefully measured pigment. Its pattern is not a geological vein; it is a designed aesthetic.

A Tale of Two Origins: Geological vs. Industrial Processes

The divergence between these two materials begins at the moment of creation. Natural stone is a subtractive process. We find a massive deposit in a quarry, cut a block from the mountain, and then slice it into slabs. The material is already complete; our role is simply to reveal it. The energy consumed is primarily in extraction and transportation.

Artificial stone, by contrast, is an additive process. We begin with raw, crushed components and combine them to build something new. The process is one of manufacturing, requiring sophisticated industrial plants, chemical resins, and significant energy for compression and curing. This industrial origin gives artificial stone its remarkable uniformity. A slab of “Stellar Night” quartz made today in a factory in Spain will be virtually indistinguishable from a slab of the same name produced next year in Vietnam. This predictability is a core feature, allowing for seamless installations over large areas without the color-matching challenges inherent in natural stone.

So, when we ask what is artificial stone and how is it different from natural stone, the most profound answer lies here. One is found, the other is made. One is a testament to geological time, the other a product of human technology. This single point of difference cascades into every aspect of their being, from their soul to their surface.

Factor 1: Aesthetics and Visual Consistency

The visual character of a stone surface is often the first and most powerful reason for its selection. It sets the emotional tone of a space, whether it is the commanding presence of a granite kitchen island or the serene elegance of a marble bathroom. The aesthetic divergence between natural and artificial stone is a direct consequence of their origins, presenting a choice between singular uniqueness and controlled perfection.

The Unrepeatable Beauty of Natural Stone

The appeal of natural stone is deeply rooted in its inherent variation. Each slab of granite, marble, or travertine is a geological snapshot. The flowing veins in a piece of Calacatta marble are pathways where mineral-rich water moved through limestone eons ago. The speckled pattern of a granite slab is a mosaic of interlocking crystals that cooled at different rates deep within a magma chamber. These are not designs; they are historical records.

This uniqueness means that a project using natural stone becomes a curated exhibit. The process involves visiting a stone yard and hand-selecting the specific slabs for your project. You might search for a piece with a dramatic, book-matched vein to create a focal point for a fireplace, or you may prefer a quieter, more uniform piece for a floor. The “flaws”—the pits in travertine, the unexpected iron deposit that creates a rust-colored streak in marble, the subtle shift in color from one end of a slab to the other—are part of its story. For many designers and homeowners, this authenticity is the highest form of luxury. It connects a modern living space to the vast, untamed history of the natural world. Choosing natural stone is an embrace of the imperfect, the organic, and the one-of-a-kind.

The Controlled Palette of Artificial Stone

Artificial stone offers a completely different aesthetic proposition: consistency. Because pigments are added during manufacturing, engineered quartz can be produced in a dazzling array of colors that are simply not found in nature—from brilliant reds and blues to pure, solid whites. This control extends to the pattern as well. While early generations of engineered stone were often criticized for their flat, repetitive look, modern manufacturing techniques allow for the creation of complex veining and movement that convincingly mimics natural marble or granite.

The key difference remains uniformity. If you need to clad a large commercial lobby or create a ten-foot-long kitchen island with no seams, artificial stone provides a perfectly matched surface from end to end. The sample you choose from a showroom will be an extremely reliable representation of the final installed product. This predictability removes the risk and uncertainty that can come with natural stone. For a designer pursuing a minimalist or highly controlled aesthetic, the ability to specify a precise color and pattern without variation is a powerful tool. It allows the stone to function as a predictable element within a larger design vision, rather than as a dominant, variable feature that the design must accommodate.

Porosity and Veining: Nature’s Signature vs. Engineered Design

The very structure of the stone contributes to its look. The natural porosity of a stone like is a key part of its visual identity, creating a textured, earthy appearance (Melanie Lissack Interiors, 2025). These small holes and troughs can be left unfilled for a rustic “tumbled” look or filled with resin and honed for a smoother surface. In either case, the texture is organic.

In artificial stone, there is no natural porosity. The material is engineered to be dense and uniform. The “veins” in an engineered quartz slab are not cracks or mineral deposits. They are artful arrangements of pigments and contrasting quartz particles suspended within the resin. While modern technology has made these engineered veins remarkably realistic, a trained eye can often spot the difference. Natural veins tend to have a certain geological logic to them; they crack, shift, and crystallize with a fractal complexity that is difficult to perfectly replicate. Engineered veins, while beautiful, can sometimes feel more graphic or printed, lacking the subtle depth and translucence of a true calcite vein in marble.

A Comparative Table: Visual Characteristics

To clarify these visual distinctions, consider the following comparison:

Feature Natural Stone (e.g., Marble, Granite) Artificial Stone (e.g., Engineered Quartz)
Color & Pattern Unique to each slab; determined by geology. Consistent and uniform; determined by manufacturing.
Veining & Movement Organic, often with unpredictable depth and flow. Designed and controlled; can be highly realistic but uniform.
Consistency High variation between slabs, requiring careful selection. Extremely high consistency from slab to slab.
Color Palette Limited to naturally occurring colors. Virtually unlimited, including solid colors not found in nature.
“Imperfections” Contains natural pits, fissures, and mineral deposits. Generally free of any imperfections; a uniform surface.

Ultimately, the aesthetic choice is a philosophical one. Do you value the wild, unrepeatable story told by a piece of the earth, or the refined, predictable perfection achieved by human innovation? Both have their place in the lexicon of design.

Factor 2: Durability, Strength, and Lifespan

When investing in a material meant to last for decades, its ability to withstand the rigors of daily life is paramount. Durability is not a single attribute but a collection of properties: hardness, heat resistance, porosity, and impact strength. In this domain, the engineered nature of artificial stone often gives it a distinct advantage in performance, though natural stone possesses its own formidable strengths. Resolving the question of what is artificial stone and how is it different from natural stone requires a close look at how each material behaves under stress.

Hardness and Scratch Resistance: The Mohs Scale in Practice

The most common metric for mineral hardness is the Mohs scale, which ranks materials from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond). This scale is practical: a harder material will scratch a softer one. Your kitchen knives are typically around 5.5 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale.

Natural stones vary widely. Granite is one of the hardest natural stones used for countertops. Composed primarily of quartz and feldspar, it typically ranks between 6 and 7 on the Mohs scale. This makes it highly resistant to scratches from knives, keys, and everyday cookware. You can often cut directly on a granite surface without leaving a mark (though it will dull your knives). Marble, on the other hand, is composed of calcite and is much softer, ranking only a 3 to 4 on the Mohs scale. It can be easily scratched by a knife and can even be etched by acidic substances, a process we will discuss later. Travertine, being a form of limestone, is similarly soft, also ranking around 3 to 4.

Artificial quartz stone excels in this category. Because it is composed of over 90% natural quartz (which is a 7 on the Mohs scale) and bound in a dense matrix, engineered quartz surfaces consistently rank at 7. They are exceptionally scratch-resistant, making them a popular choice for high-traffic kitchen islands and work surfaces. This engineered hardness provides a level of predictable performance that softer natural stones like marble cannot match.

Heat and UV Resistance: A Kitchen and Outdoor Consideration

Here, the tables turn slightly. Natural stone, having been forged by geological heat and pressure, is generally extremely resistant to high temperatures. You can place a hot pan directly from the oven onto a granite countertop without any fear of scorching, cracking, or discoloration. The material will absorb the heat without damage. Marble and travertine also possess excellent heat resistance (Lustro Italiano, 2016). This makes natural stone an ideal choice for fireplace surrounds and outdoor kitchens where temperature fluctuations are common.

Artificial stone’s performance is more complex. The stone aggregates themselves are heat resistant, but the polymer resins that bind them are not. These resins can be damaged by sudden, extreme temperature changes, a phenomenon known as thermal shock. Placing a hot pan directly on a quartz countertop can cause the resin to scorch, leaving a permanent white or yellow mark. In some cases, the rapid expansion can even cause the slab to crack. Most manufacturers recommend the use of trivets at all times. Likewise, the resins in many artificial stones are not UV-stable. Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight in an outdoor application can cause the pigments to fade and the resins to yellow over time. For this reason, most engineered quartz is recommended for indoor use only, while many natural stones thrive outdoors.

Porosity and Staining: The Achilles’ Heel of Natural Materials?

Porosity refers to the presence of tiny, microscopic pores within the stone’s structure. These pores can absorb liquids, which can lead to staining. This is perhaps the most significant practical difference between the two material types.

Nearly all natural stone is porous to some degree. The level of porosity varies: some dense granites are minimally porous, while lighter-colored marbles and especially travertine are quite absorbent. A spill of red wine, oil, or coffee on an unsealed marble or travertine countertop can quickly seep into the pores, leaving a stain that can be difficult or impossible to remove. This is why sealing natural stone is so critical, a topic we will cover in the maintenance section. The very nature of travertine, with its visible holes and channels, makes it particularly susceptible if not properly filled and sealed stonecenters.com.

Artificial quartz stone, on the other hand, is engineered to be non-porous. The manufacturing process of combining crushed quartz with resin under intense pressure creates a completely solid, impermeable surface. Liquids cannot penetrate it. This means it is exceptionally resistant to staining from common household substances. You can leave coffee, wine, or lemon juice on a quartz surface for an extended period, and it will wipe away cleanly without a trace. This non-porous nature also makes it highly hygienic, as it does not harbor bacteria or mold. For a busy family kitchen where spills are inevitable, this is a powerful functional advantage.

Impact Resistance and Structural Integrity

Both material types are incredibly strong and durable in a general sense. However, they can chip or crack if subjected to a sharp, heavy impact, such as dropping a cast-iron skillet on an edge or corner.

Natural stone’s crystalline structure gives it immense compressive strength but can make it brittle at the edges. A fissure or natural line of weakness in the slab could also be a point where a crack might initiate under impact.

Artificial stone, with its blend of hard quartz crystals and more flexible polymer resins, can sometimes have slightly better impact resistance, especially concerning chipping on the edges. The resin provides a small amount of flex that can absorb the energy of an impact. However, a severe enough blow will still chip or crack it. Repairing chips in artificial stone can sometimes be more challenging than in natural stone, as perfectly matching the color and particulate pattern of the original material can be difficult for a repair technician.

In summary, the durability debate is not one-sided. Artificial stone wins on scratch resistance and stain-proof performance, making it a pragmatic choice for demanding applications. Natural stone wins on heat and UV resistance, making it more versatile for applications like fireplaces and outdoor spaces.

Factor 3: Maintenance, Care, and Long-Term Upkeep

The beauty of a stone installation is only preserved through appropriate care. The maintenance requirements of natural and artificial stone are starkly different, stemming directly from their compositional properties, particularly porosity. The choice between them is often a lifestyle choice: are you prepared for a routine of preventative care, or do you require a surface that demands minimal attention?

The Ritual of Sealing: Protecting Natural Stone’s Porous Nature

As we have established, most natural stones are porous. This means they require a protective barrier to prevent liquids from being absorbed and causing stains. This barrier is a penetrating sealer, a liquid that is applied to the surface and soaks into the pores, effectively clogging them.

The process of sealing is straightforward but necessary. For new installations, the fabricator typically applies the first coat of sealer. After that, the homeowner is responsible for periodic re-sealing. The frequency depends on several factors: the type of stone (highly porous stones like Carrara marble or travertine need it more often than dense granites), the amount of use the surface gets, and the quality of the sealer used. A good rule of thumb is to reseal kitchen countertops annually, while less-used surfaces like a bathroom vanity or fireplace surround might go for several years.

How can you tell if it’s time to reseal? A simple water test provides the answer. Puddle a small amount of water on the surface and wait for 10-15 minutes. If the water beads up, the sealer is still effective. If the water darkens the stone or soaks in, it is time to reseal. The process itself involves cleaning the surface thoroughly, applying the sealer with a cloth, letting it penetrate for the recommended time, and then wiping away the excess. While not an arduous task, it is a consistent maintenance chore that owners of natural stone must commit to.

The Simplicity of Cleaning Artificial Stone

Artificial stone, specifically engineered quartz, is the epitome of low maintenance. Because it is non-porous, it never requires sealing. Its protective barrier is built into the very fabric of the material. This is a significant advantage for those who want a “set it and forget it” surface.

Daily cleaning for both material types is simple: a soft cloth with warm water and a small amount of gentle, pH-neutral soap is all that is needed. The key difference lies in what you must avoid. For natural stone, especially marble and travertine, acidic cleaners are the enemy. Substances like vinegar, lemon juice, or harsh bathroom cleaners can chemically react with the calcium carbonate in the stone, causing “etching.” Etching is not a stain; it is physical damage to the stone’s surface, leaving a dull, whitish mark where the polish has been eaten away.

Artificial stone is highly resistant to chemical damage. It can withstand most household cleaners without any ill effects. However, it is still advisable to avoid extremely harsh chemicals like oven cleaner or drain cleaner, which can potentially damage the resin binders. For everyday spills and messes, though, its resilience is far greater than that of its natural counterparts.

Repairing Scratches, Chips, and Stains: A Comparative Guide

No surface is indestructible. Accidents happen, and understanding the repair process is important.

For natural stone, many repairs can be handled effectively. Minor scratches and etches on marble or travertine can often be buffed out by a professional stone restoration specialist using a series of diamond-abrasive pads to re-hone and re-polish the surface. In a sense, you are removing a microscopic layer of the stone to reveal a fresh surface below. Stains that have penetrated the stone can sometimes be drawn out using a poultice, a paste-like substance that is applied to the stain, covered, and allowed to dry, pulling the staining agent out of the stone’s pores. Chips on edges can be filled with a color-matched epoxy and then sanded to blend with the surrounding area. Because the pattern and color go all the way through the stone, many repairs can be made almost invisibly.

Repairing artificial stone can be more complex. Because the surface is a manufactured product with a specific pattern, repairing a chip requires a technician to meticulously recreate that pattern with colored epoxies. This can be challenging, especially on designs with complex veining. While minor scratches are rare due to its hardness, a deep scratch is more difficult to buff out than on natural stone because you cannot simply “polish down” to a new layer without disrupting the uniform finish. Heat damage, as mentioned earlier, is generally permanent and cannot be repaired.

A Maintenance Schedule Comparison Table

This table provides a simplified overview of typical maintenance routines.

Task Natural Stone (Sealed Marble/Travertine) Artificial Stone (Engineered Quartz)
Daily Cleaning Soft cloth, pH-neutral soap, and water. Wipe spills immediately. Soft cloth, soap and water. Spills can be left longer.
Harsh Cleaners Strictly avoid acidic or abrasive cleaners. Highly resistant to most household cleaners.
Sealing Required periodically (e.g., annually for kitchen counters). Never requires sealing.
Stain Removal Requires poultices or professional intervention for deep stains. Most “stains” are surface residue and wipe away easily.
Scratch Repair Can often be professionally re-honed and re-polished. Difficult to repair deep scratches without professional help.
Heat Protection Generally excellent heat resistance. Trivets and hot pads are always recommended.

The maintenance question forces a reflection on personal habits and priorities. The timeless beauty of natural stone comes with a responsibility of care, a ritual of preservation. The engineered resilience of artificial stone offers freedom from that ritual, providing a consistently beautiful surface with minimal effort.

Factor 4: Cost Analysis: Initial Investment vs. Lifetime Value

The financial aspect of choosing between natural and artificial stone is a multifaceted calculation. It extends beyond the initial price per square foot to include the costs of fabrication, installation, and long-term maintenance. Furthermore, the concept of value must also encompass the potential impact on a property’s resale value. A comprehensive analysis reveals that while artificial stone often offers more predictable pricing, natural stone presents a wider spectrum of costs and can be considered a long-term investment in a home’s character.

Deconstructing the Price Tag: Quarrying, Manufacturing, and Installation

The final cost you pay for a stone countertop is a sum of several parts.

For natural stone, the journey begins at the quarry. The rarity of the stone, its location, and the difficulty of extraction all play a role in its raw block cost. A common granite from a large, easily accessible quarry will be far less expensive than an exotic blue marble found only in a single mountain in Brazil. After quarrying, the block is shipped to a processing facility, sliced into slabs, and polished. The cost of this global transportation is a significant factor. Finally, the local fabricator purchases the slab, cuts it to your project’s specific dimensions, finishes the edges, and installs it.

For artificial stone, the raw material cost (quartz, resins, pigments) is more standardized. The primary cost is in the patented manufacturing technology and the energy-intensive production process. Brands like Cambria, Silestone, and Caesarstone have significant investments in R&D and marketing, which is reflected in the price. Like natural stone, the slab is then sold to a local fabricator who performs the same cutting, edging, and installation services.

Fabrication and installation costs are generally similar for both materials, as they require skilled labor and specialized diamond-bladed tools. The complexity of the job—the number of cuts, the type of edge profile, and the need for seams—will affect this portion of the cost more than the material itself.

Natural Stone: A Spectrum of Costs from Common to Exotic

One of the biggest misconceptions is that natural stone is always more expensive. This is not the case. The price of natural stone exists on a vast continuum.

At the lower end, you can find common, widely available granites (like Uba Tuba or New Caledonia) and travertines that are often less expensive per square foot than many mid-range engineered quartz options. These materials offer the full authenticity and durability of natural stone at a very competitive price point.

In the mid-range, you find more varied granites and marbles with more interesting patterns and colors. This is where the prices of natural and artificial stone often overlap significantly. A popular Carrara marble might have a similar installed cost to a mid-tier engineered quartz that mimics its look.

At the high end is the world of exotic and luxury stones. Calacatta Gold marble, with its dramatic gold and grey veining, rare quartzites like Taj Mahal or Fusion, and unique granites with vibrant blues or reds can command prices far exceeding any standard artificial stone. These materials are chosen not just as surfaces but as centerpiece works of art. When you explore a wide range of stone materials, you can see this incredible diversity in both appearance and price.

Artificial Stone: Predictable Pricing and Value Engineering

Artificial stone generally has a more compressed price range. There are fewer dramatic peaks and valleys. Prices are typically organized into tiers by the manufacturer based on the complexity of the color and pattern. A simple, solid-colored quartz will be in the entry-level group, while a design with intricate, multi-toned veining will be in the highest-priced group.

This pricing structure offers predictability. A designer or builder can specify a “Group C” quartz and have a reliable budget number, regardless of which specific color within that group is chosen. This is a form of value engineering, allowing for aesthetic choice within a controlled cost framework. There is no “exotic” engineered quartz that costs five times as much as another; the variation is much more modest. Generally, most engineered quartz products fall into the mid-to-high price range, competing directly with popular marbles and granites.

Resale Value and Return on Investment

Here, the perspective shifts from immediate cost to long-term value. Both high-quality natural stone and premium artificial stone are seen as desirable, high-end features in a home and can increase its appeal to potential buyers.

However, natural stone often carries a unique cachet. The timelessness and one-of-a-kind nature of a marble or granite countertop can be a significant selling point. Because it is viewed as a permanent, authentic upgrade, it can hold its value well and contribute positively to a home’s appraisal. The perception of luxury associated with materials like marble is powerful in the real estate market.

Artificial stone is also highly valued, particularly for its practical benefits. A buyer might see a quartz countertop and appreciate its durability and low-maintenance qualities, especially in a kitchen. As engineered stone has become more mainstream and its designs more sophisticated, its contribution to resale value has grown substantially.

The ultimate return on investment depends on the market, the quality of the specific stone chosen, and the overall style of the home. However, it is fair to argue that a classic, well-maintained natural stone installation is often seen as a more timeless investment, less susceptible to changing design trends than a specific, colored artificial stone might be.

Factor 5: Environmental Impact and Sustainability

In 2025, the environmental credentials of a building material are no longer a niche concern but a central part of the decision-making process. The lifecycle of a stone surface, from its extraction or creation to its eventual disposal, has a tangible impact on the planet. Evaluating what is artificial stone and how is it different from natural stone from an ecological perspective reveals a complex trade-off between the impacts of quarrying and the impacts of industrial manufacturing. There is no simple “green” choice; rather, there are different sets of environmental considerations for each.

The Ecological Footprint of Quarrying Natural Stone

The primary environmental impact of natural stone is located at the quarry. Extracting massive blocks of stone from the earth is an energy-intensive process that physically alters landscapes. It requires heavy machinery, and depending on the location and regulations, it can lead to habitat disruption, water table changes, and noise pollution. The visual scar of a quarry on a mountainside is a potent symbol of this impact.

Following extraction, the stone, which is incredibly heavy, must be transported. This often involves a global supply chain, with blocks or slabs shipped by sea and then trucked to regional distributors and local fabricators. The carbon footprint associated with this transportation is significant.

On the other hand, the processing of natural stone is relatively simple. It is primarily a mechanical process of cutting and polishing with water-cooled diamond tools. There are no synthetic chemicals or binders added. The stone itself is a finished product from nature. Furthermore, natural stone is incredibly durable and long-lasting. A granite countertop can easily last the lifetime of a house, reducing the need for replacement and the associated waste. At the end of its life, it is an inert piece of rock that can be crushed for use as aggregate or returned to the earth without leaching chemicals.

The Manufacturing Impact of Artificial Stone: Energy and Binders

The environmental story of artificial stone begins in a factory. The process of creating an engineered slab is energy-intensive. Crushing the raw quartz, mixing it with resins, and then subjecting it to vacuum, compaction, and high-temperature curing consumes a substantial amount of electricity.

The binders themselves are a key area of concern. Most engineered quartz uses petroleum-based polyester or acrylic resins. These are synthetic materials with their own carbon footprint derived from the fossil fuel industry. While the percentage of resin is small (around 7-10% by weight), it is a non-renewable component. Some manufacturers are exploring the use of bio-based resins to mitigate this impact, but this is not yet the industry standard.

The transport footprint of artificial stone can sometimes be lower than that of natural stone, especially if the manufacturing plant is located closer to the end market than a remote quarry. However, it is still a heavy product that requires significant energy to move.

Lifecycle Assessment: From Cradle to Grave

A true environmental comparison requires a full Lifecycle Assessment (LCA), a scientific method for evaluating the environmental impacts associated with all stages of a product’s life.

For natural stone, the major impacts are quarrying and transport. Its use phase is benign, and its end-of-life impact is low.

For artificial stone, the major impacts are the energy used in manufacturing and the chemical nature of the resins. Its non-porous surface requires fewer cleaning chemicals over its lifetime, which is a small benefit. At the end of its life, it is a composite material that is more difficult to recycle. While it can be crushed for aggregate, it cannot be simply returned to the earth like a piece of granite.

Several studies and certifications, such as those from the Natural Stone Institute and various green building councils, attempt to quantify these differences. The results often show a complex balance. A locally quarried and fabricated natural stone may have a much lower overall footprint than an engineered stone shipped from overseas. Conversely, an artificial stone made in a state-of-the-art factory powered by renewable energy and using a high percentage of recycled content could outperform a natural stone from an irresponsibly managed quarry.

The Rise of Recycled Content in Engineered Surfaces

The artificial stone industry has responded to environmental concerns by incorporating recycled materials. Many quartz surfaces now contain a significant percentage of recycled content. This can include crushed glass from post-consumer waste, mirrors, and recycled ceramic or porcelain. Some products are certified as containing up to 40% or more recycled material.

This innovation significantly improves the environmental profile of artificial stone. It diverts waste from landfills and reduces the need for virgin quarried quartz. When choosing an engineered stone, looking for products with high recycled content is one of the most effective ways to make a more sustainable choice.

The environmental debate is not settled. It requires consumers and designers to ask critical questions: Where did this stone come from? How was it extracted or manufactured? What is it made of? A commitment to sustainability means looking beyond the surface to understand the story of the material’s journey to your home.

Factor 6: Application and Versatility in Design

The physical and aesthetic properties of a stone directly dictate its suitability for various applications. A material perfect for a low-traffic decorative wall may be entirely inappropriate for a bustling kitchen counter. The differences between natural and artificial stone create distinct strengths and weaknesses, making one a superior choice for certain situations and the other a better fit for others. Understanding this is key to a successful and long-lasting design.

Natural Stone in High-Traffic and Wet Areas (Kitchens, Bathrooms)

The use of natural stone in kitchens and bathrooms is a timeless tradition, but it requires careful selection.

In the kitchen, the primary challenges are staining, scratching, and etching. For this reason, dense, hard granites are often a top recommendation. Their resistance to scratches and heat makes them workhorse surfaces. Softer stones like marble and travertine are also used, but they require a greater commitment from the homeowner. A marble countertop in a kitchen will inevitably develop a patina of small etches and scratches over time. Some embrace this as the character of a well-loved, living surface, akin to the wear on a wooden butcher block. Others may find it stressful. Proper and frequent sealing is non-negotiable for these softer stones to protect against stains.

In the bathroom, the concerns shift slightly. While staining is still an issue, the prevalence of water is the main factor. Polished marble floors can be extremely slippery when wet, making a honed or tumbled finish a safer choice. The porosity of travertine can be an advantage for shower floors or pool decks, as its textured surface provides natural slip resistance (Stone Centers, 2025). However, it is crucial that the stone is properly sealed to prevent water absorption and potential mold or mildew growth within the stone itself.

Artificial Stone’s Flexibility in Modern Design

Artificial stone, particularly engineered quartz, offers a different kind of flexibility. Its non-porous nature makes it an almost worry-free choice for both kitchens and bathrooms. It will not stain from spilled cosmetics or food, it will not etch from acidic cleaners, and it does not harbor bacteria, making it an exceptionally hygienic surface for food preparation. This level of performance provides peace of mind.

From a design perspective, the consistency of artificial stone is a major asset for modern and minimalist aesthetics. It allows for the creation of large, seamless surfaces, waterfall islands where the pattern flows perfectly from the top down the side, and full-height backsplashes that match the countertops exactly. The availability of bright, solid colors also allows it to be used as a bold design element in a way that is difficult to achieve with the more muted, earthy tones of most natural stones. Imagine a sleek, all-white kitchen with pure white quartz countertops for a clean, monolithic look—something nearly impossible to achieve with natural marble, which always has some degree of veining.

Outdoor Use: Weathering, Fading, and Durability

When moving a project outdoors, the calculus of durability changes again. The primary adversaries are now UV radiation from the sun and the freeze-thaw cycles of changing weather.

Natural stone is generally the superior choice for outdoor applications. Having existed outdoors for millions of years, it is inherently stable. Granite, slate, and many limestones and travertines are excellent for patios, outdoor kitchen countertops, and building facades. Their colors are part of the mineral itself and will not fade in the sun. Their structure can withstand temperature swings without damage. You only need to look at ancient structures like the Roman Colosseum, famously built with travertine, to see the material’s incredible longevity in an outdoor setting (Melanie Lissack Interiors, 2025).

Most standard artificial quartz stones are not recommended for outdoor use. The polymer resins that bind the quartz particles can be damaged by UV rays, leading to discoloration and fading over time. The resins can also become brittle in extreme cold. While some manufacturers have developed new lines of engineered stone with specialized UV-resistant resins specifically for outdoor use, these are premium products and are not as widely available as their indoor-only counterparts.

Unique Applications: Fireplaces, Cladding, and Custom Furnishings

Beyond countertops and floors, stone is used in a variety of other creative ways.

For fireplace surrounds, the exceptional heat resistance of natural stone makes it the ideal choice. Granite, marble, slate, and limestone can all be used to create a stunning and safe focal point in a room. Artificial stone is generally not recommended for areas in close proximity to the direct heat of a firebox.

For wall cladding, both materials are used extensively. The lighter weight of some artificial stone panels can be an advantage in certain installations. However, the ability to use large, book-matched slabs of natural marble to create a dramatic, continuous pattern on a feature wall is a high-end design technique that showcases the unique beauty of the material.

Both materials can also be used to create custom furniture, such as dining tables, coffee tables, and integrated sinks. Here, the choice often comes down to the desired aesthetic and the practical considerations of weight and maintenance. An artificial stone table offers durability and stain resistance, while a natural marble table offers unparalleled elegance, albeit with more care required. The decision hinges on the intended use and the owner’s lifestyle.

Factor 7: Health, Safety, and Material Composition

The materials we bring into our homes can have an impact on our health and well-being. The conversation around stone surfaces includes discussions about naturally occurring radiation, chemical off-gassing, and hygienic properties. A responsible examination of what is artificial stone and how is it different from natural stone must address these concerns with scientific clarity, separating fact from unsubstantiated fear.

Radon and Natural Stone: Fact vs. Fiction

Radon is a naturally occurring, radioactive gas that is produced by the decay of uranium in soil, rock, and water. It is colorless, odorless, and a known health hazard at elevated concentrations over long periods. Because granite is an igneous rock formed from magma, it can contain trace amounts of uranium and thus has the potential to emit radon.

This topic has been a source of significant concern and misinformation. Extensive scientific studies have been conducted by organizations like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and various health physics societies to measure the radon emissions from granite countertops. The overwhelming consensus from this body of research is that the amount of radon emitted from natural stone countertops is minuscule and poses no significant health risk. In fact, the amount is many orders of magnitude lower than the level of radon already present in the soil and air in many parts of the country. The EPA has stated that it is extremely unlikely for a granite countertop to be the source of elevated radon levels in a home (Schauer & Linton, 2009). The primary source of indoor radon is always the soil beneath the house. While the fear is understandable, the science shows it to be largely unfounded.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Artificial Stone Binders

The health concern associated with artificial stone centers on its synthetic components. The polymer resins used to bind the quartz particles can potentially release Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) into the air, a process known as off-gassing. VOCs are chemicals that can have various short-term and long-term adverse health effects.

Reputable manufacturers of artificial stone take this issue very seriously. Most high-quality engineered quartz products are certified by third-party organizations like GreenGuard or NSF International. These certifications ensure that the product meets strict standards for low VOC emissions. When cured, the resins in a quality quartz slab are stable and inert, and any off-gassing is negligible and well below safe exposure limits. When selecting an artificial stone, it is wise to look for these certifications to ensure you are purchasing a product that has been tested for indoor air quality safety. The risk is not with the finished, installed product in a home, but rather in the occupational setting, which we will discuss next.

Food Safety and Hygienic Properties for Countertops

For surfaces where food is prepared, hygiene is a top priority. This is an area where the non-porous nature of artificial stone provides a clear and measurable advantage.

Because an engineered quartz surface has no pores, there is nowhere for bacteria, mold, or mildew to hide and grow. It is an inherently hygienic surface that is easy to clean and sanitize. This is why it is not only popular in residential kitchens but also widely used in commercial food service, healthcare facilities, and laboratories where microbial control is critical. Many artificial stone products are certified by NSF International for use in food zones.

Natural stone can also be a safe and hygienic surface, but only if it is properly maintained. A well-sealed granite or marble countertop will resist bacterial growth. However, if the sealer wears off or if the stone has natural pits or fissures, these areas can potentially harbor bacteria if not cleaned diligently. The responsibility for maintaining a hygienic natural stone surface rests more heavily on the user and their maintenance routine.

The Occupational Health Perspective: Silica Dust in Fabrication

A health issue that has gained significant attention is the risk associated with fabricating stone, both natural and artificial. Many types of stone, including granite and especially engineered quartz, have a high silica content. When these materials are cut, ground, or polished, they create a fine dust containing respirable crystalline silica.

Prolonged inhalation of this dust without proper protective equipment can lead to silicosis, a severe and irreversible lung disease. This is a serious occupational health risk for workers in fabrication shops. The risk is particularly acute with engineered stone because its high quartz content (over 90%) combined with the resins can create a very fine, potent dust.

This is not a risk to the homeowner with an installed countertop. The danger is exclusively for the workers who cut and finish the slabs. Responsible fabrication shops mitigate this risk by using wet-cutting methods (which suppress dust at the source), proper ventilation systems, and providing workers with appropriate respiratory protection. When choosing a fabricator, it is conscientious to inquire about their safety practices for their employees. This issue highlights that the “health” of a product also involves the well-being of the people who bring it to market.

A Deeper Dive: Granite, Marble, and Travertine vs. Their Engineered Counterparts

To make the comparison more concrete, let’s examine three popular natural stones and how they stack up against their common artificial alternatives. This granular analysis moves from general principles to specific, practical advice for materials you will likely encounter.

Natural Granite vs. Quartz (Engineered Granite)

This is the classic matchup in the world of high-end countertops, a battle between the king of natural stone and the champion of engineered surfaces.

Natural Granite:

  • Aesthetics: Every slab is unique. Its beauty lies in its crystalline structure, with a depth and movement that comes from the interplay of quartz, feldspar, and mica. The patterns range from tight, uniform speckles to large, flowing waves of color. The palette is rich and earthy, dominated by grays, blacks, browns, golds, and whites.
  • Performance: Granite is a top performer among natural stones. It scores a 6-7 on the Mohs scale, making it highly scratch-resistant. Its geological formation gives it exceptional heat resistance, so hot pans are not a concern. Its main vulnerability is porosity. While some dark, dense granites are almost stain-proof, many lighter-colored granites require sealing to prevent absorption of oils and liquids.
  • Feel: Granite feels solid, permanent, and connected to the earth. It has a natural, crystalline coolness to the touch.

Engineered Quartz:

  • Aesthetics: Quartz offers consistency and an expanded color palette. It can convincingly mimic the look of many granites, but its real strength is in providing looks that nature cannot, like pure white or solid gray. The pattern is uniform across the entire slab and from one slab to the next.
  • Performance: Quartz is a performance powerhouse. At a Mohs hardness of 7, it is equally, if not more, scratch-resistant than granite. Its key advantage is its non-porous nature. It is impervious to staining and requires no sealing, making it lower maintenance. Its weakness is its lower heat resistance due to the resin binders; trivets are a must.
  • Feel: Quartz feels smooth, uniform, and manufactured. It lacks the crystalline depth of granite but offers a sleek, flawless surface.

The Choice: Choose granite if you value natural, one-of-a-kind beauty, require superior heat resistance (e.g., for a very active kitchen or fireplace), and are willing to commit to periodic sealing. Choose quartz if you prioritize zero maintenance, stain-proof performance, and desire a consistent, uniform look or a color not available in nature.

Natural Marble vs. Cultured Marble and Engineered Quartz

Marble is the icon of luxury, but its delicate nature has led to the creation of more durable alternatives.

Natural Marble (e.g., Carrara, Calacatta):

  • Aesthetics: Marble’s beauty is legendary. Its soft, luminous appearance and elegant, feathery veining are unmatched in the natural world. It has a depth and translucence that makes it seem to glow from within. Each piece is a unique work of art.
  • Performance: This is marble’s challenge. It is a soft stone (3-4 on the Mohs scale) and will scratch and etch easily. Acidic substances like lemon juice or wine will leave a dull mark on its polished surface almost instantly. It is also quite porous and will stain if not diligently sealed. It is a material that lives and ages with you, developing a patina over time.
  • Feel: Marble has a soft, cool, and almost velvety feel. It is synonymous with classical luxury.

Engineered Quartz (Marble-Look):

  • Aesthetics: Modern manufacturing has become incredibly adept at mimicking the look of marble. High-end quartz can replicate the veining of Calacatta or Carrara with stunning accuracy. The advantage is consistency—you get that coveted marble look without the “surprise” of a natural slab’s variations. The disadvantage is that it can lack the subtle depth and luminosity of real marble.
  • Performance: Here, quartz is vastly superior. It offers the same scratch resistance (Mohs 7) and non-porous, stain-proof qualities of all engineered quartz. It will not etch or stain like natural marble, making it a far more practical choice for a kitchen.
  • Feel: It feels hard and glassy, like quartz, not soft and chalky like marble.

The Choice: Choose natural marble if you are a purist who adores its authentic, timeless beauty and you are willing to embrace its delicate nature and the patina it will develop. It is often better suited for lower-traffic areas like bathrooms, fireplace surrounds, or as a baking station. Choose a marble-look quartz if you love the aesthetic of marble but need the durability and low-maintenance performance for a busy kitchen or family bathroom.

Natural Travertine vs. Engineered Alternatives

Travertine offers a warm, rustic charm that is distinct from the cool elegance of marble or the robust character of granite.

Natural Travertine:

  • Aesthetics: Travertine’s signature look comes from its formation process, resulting in a fibrous, porous texture. It is typically found in warm, earthy tones like cream, beige, tan, and silver-gray. It can be “unfilled,” leaving its natural pits exposed for a rustic look, or “filled” with a resin and then honed or polished for a smoother surface. Its appearance is softer and more antique than marble. You can find excellent examples in our curated collection of travertine.
  • Performance: Like marble, travertine is a calcium carbonate-based stone and is soft (Mohs 3-4) and porous. It is susceptible to scratching, etching, and staining. Sealing is absolutely essential. Its textured surface can provide good slip resistance, making it popular for bathroom floors and pool decks (CountertopSpecialty.com, 2025).
  • Feel: Travertine feels warm, earthy, and textured. It evokes Mediterranean villas and ancient Roman architecture.

Engineered Alternatives (Porcelain/Ceramic Tile, Quartz):

  • Aesthetics: Large-format porcelain tiles are the most common alternative that mimics the look of travertine. Digital printing technology allows for very realistic reproductions of travertine’s color and texture. Quartz manufacturers also offer colors and patterns inspired by travertine, though they lack the characteristic pitting and texture.
  • Performance: Porcelain tile is extremely durable, resistant to scratches, stains, and heat, and requires no sealing. It is an excellent performance material. Quartz offers its standard high performance but with a smooth, non-porous finish that is quite different from the feel of real travertine.
  • Feel: Porcelain tile feels hard and uniform. It can be printed with a texture, but it lacks the organic, porous feel of the real stone.

The Choice: Choose natural travertine if you desire a warm, rustic, or classical aesthetic and appreciate its unique natural texture. It is perfect for creating a relaxed, old-world feel, especially in bathrooms, entryways, and for fireplace surrounds. Choose a travertine-look porcelain tile if you need that aesthetic in a high-traffic, high-spill area and desire the absolute easiest maintenance possible.

Making an Informed Choice for Your Project

The decision between natural and artificial stone is not a matter of which is “better” in an absolute sense, but which is better suited to your specific needs, values, and lifestyle. After exploring the seven key factors, the path to a decision becomes clearer. It involves a personal assessment of what you prioritize most: aesthetics, performance, or cost.

For the Traditionalist: Embracing Natural Imperfection

If your heart is drawn to things with history, character, and a story to tell, then natural stone is likely your material. The traditionalist values authenticity above all else. You understand that the vein running through your marble countertop is a unique signature from the earth, not a printed pattern. You are not bothered by the idea that your stone will age and develop a patina; in fact, you welcome it as a sign of a life well-lived in the space.

You are willing to engage in the ritual of care—the annual sealing, the careful wiping of spills—because you see it as being a good steward of a beautiful, natural material. You find joy in visiting a stone yard and hand-picking the one-of-a-kind slab that speaks to you. For your project, whether it is a grand granite island or a serene travertine bathroom, the emotional connection to a genuine piece of the planet outweighs the practical conveniences of a manufactured alternative.

For the Modernist: Valuing Consistency and Low Maintenance

If your design philosophy leans towards clean lines, controlled palettes, and seamless integration, artificial stone is a powerful ally. The modernist values precision and performance. You need your countertop to be a specific shade of gray with no variations, to serve as a perfect, neutral background for other design elements. The idea of a surface that is stain-proof, scratch-resistant, and requires zero sealing appeals to your desire for efficiency and peace of mind.

You appreciate innovation and technology and see engineered stone as a triumph of material science—a product designed to solve the practical problems of its natural predecessors. You want a surface that looks as pristine in five years as it does on the day of installation. For your sleek kitchen, minimalist bathroom, or high-traffic commercial space, the predictable beauty and effortless upkeep of an engineered product like quartz provide the perfect solution.

A Thinking Exercise: Prioritizing Your Needs

To help clarify your own position, try this mental exercise. Consider the following three attributes for your project:

  1. Unique, Natural Aesthetics: The one-of-a-kind beauty and character of a material forged by the earth.
  2. Maximum Durability & Low Maintenance: Resistance to stains, scratches, and etching with no need for sealing.
  3. Controlled Cost & Predictability: A consistent product with a predictable price point.

Now, rank these three attributes from most important to least important for your specific project.

  • If you ranked Unique Aesthetics as number one, your path likely leads to natural stone. You are willing to trade some maintenance for unparalleled beauty.
  • If you ranked Maximum Durability & Low Maintenance as number one, your path points clearly to artificial stone like engineered quartz. You prioritize function and ease of use.
  • If you ranked Controlled Cost & Predictability as number one, you have options in both categories. You might look at entry-level granites and travertines or compare them against mid-range quartz options to find the best value for your budget.

This exercise forces a confrontation with the core trade-offs. There is no right or wrong answer, only the answer that is right for you and the way you live.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. Is artificial stone always cheaper than natural stone?

No, this is a common misconception. The prices overlap significantly. While exotic natural marbles and granites can be very expensive, many common and widely available natural stones are often less expensive per square foot than mid-range or high-end engineered quartz. The final cost depends on the specific rarity and type of natural stone versus the brand and complexity of the artificial stone.

2. Can you use artificial stone outdoors?

Generally, no. Most standard engineered quartz products are not warrantied for outdoor use because the polymer resins in them are not UV stable. Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight can cause the colors to fade and the resin to yellow. Some manufacturers are now offering specialized, more expensive outdoor-rated lines, but natural stone like granite or slate remains the standard, more reliable choice for outdoor kitchens and patios.

3. Which is more durable overall, natural or artificial stone?

It depends on how you define “durable.” Artificial stone (quartz) is superior in terms of scratch resistance and is non-porous, making it virtually stain-proof and lower maintenance. Natural stone (specifically granite) is superior in its resistance to heat, making it better for use near cooktops or fireplaces. Softer natural stones like marble are less durable than either granite or quartz.

4. How can I tell the difference between real marble and engineered quartz that looks like marble?

There are a few clues. First, look at the pattern. On a large surface, you might see a repeat in the veining pattern on an artificial slab, whereas natural marble is infinitely unique. Second, feel the temperature. Natural stone often feels cooler to the touch than artificial stone because it conducts heat away from your hand more effectively. Finally, look at the depth. Real marble often has a subtle translucence or depth to its veining that can be difficult for an opaque artificial product to replicate perfectly.

5. Does natural stone require a lot of maintenance?

It requires more maintenance than artificial stone, but it may not be as much as you think. The primary task is periodic sealing to prevent stains, which for a kitchen counter is typically done once a year and takes less than an hour. Daily cleaning is simple soap and water. The main “maintenance” is being mindful to avoid acidic substances (on marble/travertine) and to wipe up spills promptly.

6. Is artificial stone bad for the environment?

It’s a complex issue with trade-offs. The manufacturing of artificial stone is energy-intensive and uses petroleum-based resins. However, many brands now incorporate high levels of recycled content (like glass and mirrors), which diverts waste from landfills. Natural stone avoids the chemical resins but has its own environmental impact from quarrying and transportation. Choosing a locally quarried natural stone or an artificial stone with high recycled content made in a modern factory are ways to make a more sustainable choice.

7. Can I put a hot pan on a quartz countertop?

It is strongly advised not to. The resins that bind the quartz particles can be damaged by the intense, direct heat from a pan right off the stove, a phenomenon called thermal shock. This can cause permanent discoloration (a white or yellow mark) or even cracking. Always use a trivet or hot pad on an artificial stone surface.

Conclusion

The inquiry into what is artificial stone and how is it different from natural stone leads us not to a simple verdict, but to a richer appreciation for the distinct virtues of each material. We have traveled from their origins in the earth’s core and the inventor’s factory, through their visual expressions of chaotic beauty and controlled design, to the practical realities of their strength, upkeep, and cost.

Natural stone stands as a monument to geological time. It offers a connection to the natural world, presenting a unique, unrepeatable canvas for our living spaces. Its selection is an embrace of authenticity, complete with the character marks of its history and the responsibility of its care. It is a material that ages with us, developing a patina that tells the story of its life in our home.

Artificial stone is a testament to human ingenuity. It is a problem-solving material, engineered for performance, consistency, and ease of life. It provides a vast palette for creative expression and the peace of mind that comes with a surface built to resist the rigors of the modern world with minimal fuss. Its selection is an embrace of precision, predictability, and technological advancement.

In 2025, the choice is not merely between rock and resin. It is a choice between two philosophies of design and two approaches to daily living. By understanding the fundamental differences in their formation, aesthetics, durability, and maintenance, you are empowered to make a decision that is not just well-informed, but is a true reflection of your own priorities and vision for the spaces you inhabit. The perfect material is the one that aligns with the life you intend to live upon it.

References

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HDG Building Materials. (2025). Travertine stone. Retrieved from

Lustro Italiano. (2016). About natural travertine. Retrieved from

Marble.com. (2025). What is travertine? Everything you need to know in 2025. Retrieved from https://marble.com/articles/what-is-travertine

Marmoles Deco. (2025). Comparison of the most famous natural stones. Retrieved from https://www.marmolesdeco.com/blog/marble-vs-travertine-b-18

Melanie Lissack Interiors. (2025, January 15). Stone material showdown: Travertine, flagstone, and limestone — Which is right for you?. Retrieved from https://www.melanielissackinteriors.com/blog/2025/1/15/stone-material-showdown-travertine-flagstone-and-limestone-which-is-right-for-you

Schauer, D. A., & Linton, O. W. (2009). National and state-by-state radon survey results. Health Physics, 96(Suppl. 1), S42–S50.

Stone Centers. (2025). What is travertine? Durable elegance for every space. Retrieved from https://stonecenters.com/blog/what-is-travertine-an-ultimate-landscaping-guide